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We present a method of rendering aerial and volumetric graphics usingfemtosecond lasers. A high-intensity laser excites a physical matter to emitlight at an arbitrary 3D position. Popular applications can then be exploredespecially since plasma induced by a femtosecond laser is safer than thatgenerated by a nanosecond laser. There are two methods of rendering graphicswith a femtosecond laser in air: Producing holograms using spatial lightmodulation technology, and scanning of a laser beam by a galvano mirror. Theholograms and workspace of the system proposed here occupy a volume of up to 1cm^3; however, this size is scalable depending on the optical devices and theirsetup. This paper provides details of the principles, system setup, andexperimental evaluation, and discussions on scalability, design space, andapplications of this system. We tested two laser sources: an adjustable (30-100fs) laser which projects up to 1,000 pulses per second at energy up to 7 mJ perpulse, and a 269-fs laser which projects up to 200,000 pulses per second at anenergy up to 50 uJ per pulse. We confirmed that the spatiotemporal resolutionof volumetric displays, implemented with these laser sources, is 4,000 and200,000 dots per second. Although we focus on laser-induced plasma in air, thediscussion presented here is also applicable to other rendering principles suchas fluorescence and microbubble in solid/liquid materials.

Fairy Lights in Femtoseconds: Aerial and Volumetric Graphics Rendered by Focused Femtosecond Laser Combined with Computational Holographic Fields