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The flagellated bacterium Escherichia coli is increasingly usedexperimentally as a self-propelled swimmer. To obtain meaningful, quantitativeresults that are comparable between different laboratories, reproducibleprotocols are needed to control, `tune' and monitor the swimming behaviour ofthese motile cells. We critically review the knowledge needed to do so, explainmethods for characterising the colloidal and motile properties of E.coli,cells, and propose a protocol for keeping them swimming at constant speed atfinite bulk concentrations. In the process of establishing this protocol, weuse motility as a high-throughput probe of aspects of cellular physiology viathe coupling between swimming speed and the proton motive force.

Escherichia coli as a model active colloid: a practical introduction