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Perceptual similarity is a cognitive judgment that represents the end-stageof a complex cascade of hierarchical processing throughout visual cortex.Previous studies have shown a correspondence between the similarity ofcoarse-scale fMRI activation patterns and the perceived similarity of visualstimuli, suggesting that visual objects that appear similar also share similarunderlying patterns of neural activation. Here we explore the temporalrelationship between the human brain's time-varying representation of visualpatterns and behavioral judgments of perceptual similarity. The visual stimuliwere abstract patterns constructed from identical perceptual units (orientedGabor patches) so that each pattern had a unique global form or perceptual'Gestalt'. The visual stimuli were decodable from evoked neural activationpatterns measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG), however, stimuli differedin the similarity of their neural representation as estimated by differences indecodability. Early after stimulus onset (from 50ms), a model based onretinotopic organization predicted the representational similarity of thevisual stimuli. Following the peak correlation between the retinotopic modeland neural data at 80ms, the neural representations quickly evolved so thatretinotopy no longer provided a sufficient account of the brain's time-varyingrepresentation of the stimuli. Overall the strongest predictor of the brain'srepresentation was a model based on human judgments of perceptual similarity,which reached the limits of the maximum correlation with the neural datadefined by the 'noise ceiling'. Our results show that large-scale brainactivation patterns contain a neural signature for the perceptual Gestalt ofcomposite visual features, and demonstrate a strong correspondence betweenperception and complex patterns of brain activity.

Perceptual similarity of visual patterns predicts the similarity of their dynamic neural activation patterns measured with MEG