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Distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) combines the arraygain of coherent MIMO processing with the proximity gains of distributedantenna setups. In this paper, we analyze how transceiver hardware impairmentsaffect the downlink with maximum ratio transmission. We derive closed-formspectral efficiencies expressions and study their asymptotic behavior as thenumber of the antennas increases. We prove a scaling law on the hardwarequality, which reveals that massive MIMO is resilient to additive distortions,while multiplicative phase noise is a limiting factor. It is also better tohave separate oscillators at each antenna than one per BS.

Distributed Massive MIMO in Cellular Networks: Impact of Imperfect Hardware and Number of Oscillators