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Designing 3D User Interfaces (UI) requires adequate evaluation tools toensure good usability and user experience. While many evaluation tools arealready available and widely used, existing approaches generally cannot providecontinuous and objective measures of usa-bility qualities during interactionwithout interrupting the user. In this paper, we propose to use brain (withElectroEncephaloGraphy) and physiological (ElectroCardioGraphy, Galvanic SkinResponse) signals to continuously assess the mental effort made by the user toperform 3D object manipulation tasks. We first show how this mental effort(a.k.a., mental workload) can be estimated from such signals, and then measureit on 8 participants during an actual 3D object manipulation task with an inputdevice known as the CubTile. Our results suggest that monitoring workloadenables us to continuously assess the 3DUI and/or interaction techniqueease-of-use. Overall, this suggests that this new measure could become a usefuladdition to the repertoire of available evaluation tools, enabling a finergrain assessment of the ergonomic qualities of a given 3D user interface.

Continuous Mental Effort Evaluation during 3D Object Manipulation Tasks based on Brain and Physiological Signals