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Although complex, hierarchical nanoscale geometries with tailored degrees ofdisorder are commonly found in biological systems, few simple self-assemblyroutes to fabricating synthetic analogues have been identified. We present twotechniques that exploit basic capillary phenomena to finely control disorder inporous 3D photonic crystals, leading to complex and hierarchical geometries. Inthe first, we exposed the structures to mixtures of ethanol and water thatpartially wet their pores, where small adjustments to the ethanol contentcontrolled the degree of partial wetting. In the second, we infiltrated thestructures with thin films of volatile alkanes and observed a sequence ofpartial infiltration patterns as the liquid evaporated. In both cases,macroscopic symmetry breaking was driven by subtle sub-wavelength variations inthe pore geometry that directed site-selective infiltration of liquids. Theresulting patterns, well described by percolation theory, had significanteffects on the photonic structures' optical properties, including thewavelength-dependence and angular dependence of scattering. Incorporatingcross-linkable resins into our liquids, we were able create permanent photonicstructures with these properties by freezing in place the filling patterns atarbitrary degrees of partial wetting and intermediate stages of drying. Thesetechniques illustrate the versatility of interfacial phenomena in directing andtuning self-assembly of aperiodic structures.

Percolation lithography: Tuning and freezing disorder in 3D photonic crystals using partial wetting and drying