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The efficiency of dust formation in oxygen-rich AGB stars should (in theory)be metallicity dependent since they are not producing their own raw materialfor dust production. Metal-poor carbon stars may not be very efficient dustproducers either, because of more radiative heating of the grains forming intheir atmospheres. We have just confirmed that inefficient dust and windformation in simulations of metal-poor carbon stars is a real physical effect,albeit within the limitations of our simulations. Taken at face value, thisimplies that the amount of dust supplied by low-metallicity AGB stars to thebuild up of the cosmic dust component is clearly limited. Consequently, one mayalso ask how large a contribution AGB stars can make in general, when comparedto recent observations of cosmic dust, which are suggesting major contributionsfrom other sources?

How important are metal-poor AGB stars as cosmic dust producers?