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Currently, mobile network operators are allocated spectrum bands on anexclusive basis. While this approach facilitates interference control, it mayalso result in low spectrum utilization efficiency. Inter-operator spectrumsharing is a potential method to enhance spectrum utilization. In order torealize it, a protocol to coordinate the actions of operators is needed. Wepropose a spectrum sharing protocol which is distributed in nature, it does notrequire operator-specific information exchange and it incurs minimalcommunication overhead between the operators. Operators are still free todecide whether they share spectrum or not as the protocol is based on the bookkeeping of spectrum usage favors, asked and received by the operators. We showthat operators can enhance their QoS in comparison with traditional orthogonalspectrum allocation while also maintaining reciprocity i.e. no operatorbenefits over the other in the long run. We demonstrate the usability of theproposed protocol in an indoor deployment scenario with frequent network loadvariations as expected to have in small cell deployments.

Coordination protocol for inter-operator spectrum sharing based on spectrum usage favors