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A method to engineer the refractive indices of functional materials (TiO2,ZnO, SnO2, SiO2), by nanostructuring in the deep sub-wavelength regime (<20nm),is presented. Block-copolymer templating combined with a wet processing routeis used to realize 3D functional nanostructures with continuously adjustablerefractive indices from 1.17 to 2.2. Wet processing accessed refractive indexengineering can be applied to address a variety of realizability concerns inattaining design specified refractive index values and refractive indexgradients in 1D, 2D, and 3D that arise as the results of optical designtechniques such as thin film optimization methods, transformation optics andconformal mapping. Refractive index optimized multi-layer anti-reflectioncoatings on crystalline silicon, which reduce light reflections from 38% downto ~3% with a wide angular span, are demonstrated with the developed wetprocessing route. A high temperature oxygen free fiber optic hydrogen sensorrealized by accessing nano-engineering enabled refractive indices is alsopresented. The functionality of the sensor is characterized with a fiber Bragggrating, transmission based interrogation, and optical frequency domainreflectometry. The latter demonstrates the potential of the developed sensorfor the detection of chemical gradients for applications such as in hightemperature hydrogen driven fuel cells.

The optical applications of 3D sub-wavelength block-copolymer nanostructured functional materials