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The performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) can be greatly improved byincorporating silica-coated gold nanorods (Au@SiO2 NRs) at the interfacebetween the hole transporting layer and the active layer due to the plasmoniceffect. The silica shell impedes the aggregation effect of the Au NRs inethanol solution as well as the server charge recombination on the surface ofthe Au NRs otherwise they would bring forward serious reduction in open circuitvoltage when incorporating the Au NRs at the positions in contact with theactive materials. As a result, while the high open circuit voltage beingmaintained, the optimized plasmonic OSCs possess an increased short circuitcurrent, and correspondingly an elevated power conversion efficiency with theenhancement factor of ~11%. The origin of performance improvement in OSCs withthe Au@SiO2 NRs was analyzed systematically using morphological, electrical,optical characterizations along with theoretical simulation. It is found thatthe broadband enhancement in absorption, which yields the broadband enhancementin exciton generation in the active layer, is the major factor contributing tothe increase in the short circuit current density. Simulation results suggestthat the excitation of the transverse and longitudinal surface plasmonresonances of individual NRs as well as their mutual coupling can generatestrong electric field near the vicinity of the NRs, thereby an improved excitongeneration profile in the active layer. The incorporation of Au@SiO2 NRs at theinterface between the hole transporting layer and the active layer alsoimproves hole extraction in the OSCs.

Efficiency Enhancement in Organic Solar Cells by Incorporating Silica-coated Gold Nanorods at the Buffer/Active interface