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Monolayer phosphorene provides a unique two-dimensional (2D) platform toinvestigate the fundamental dynamics of excitons and trions (charged excitons)in reduced dimensions. However, owing to its high instability, unambiguousidentification of monolayer phosphorene has been elusive. Consequently, manyimportant fundamental properties, such as exciton dynamics, remainunderexplored. We report a rapid, noninvasive, and highly accurate approachbased on optical interferometry to determine the layer number of phosphorene,and confirm the results with reliable photoluminescence measurements.Furthermore, we successfully probed the dynamics of excitons and trions inmonolayer phosphorene by controlling the photo-carrier injection in arelatively low excitation power range. Based on our measured optical gap andthe previously measured electronic energy gap, we determined the excitonbinding energy to be ~0.3 eV for the monolayer phosphorene on SiO2/Sisubstrate, which agrees well with theoretical predictions. A huge trion bindingenergy of ~100 meV was first observed in monolayer phosphorene, which is aroundfive times higher than that in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayersemiconductor, such as MoS2. The carrier lifetime of exciton emission inmonolayer phosphorene was measured to be ~220 ps, which is comparable to thosein other 2D TMD semiconductors. Our results open new avenues for exploringfundamental phenomena and novel optoelectronic applications using monolayerphosphorene.

Optical Tuning of Exciton and Trion Emissions in Monolayer Phosphorene