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In this paper, we study the communication problem from rovers on Mars'surface to Mars-orbiting satellites. We first justify that, to a good extent,the rover-to-orbiter communication problem can be modelled as communicationover a $2 \times 2$ X-channel with the network topology varying over time. Forsuch a fading X-channel where transmitters are only aware of the time-varyingtopology but not the time-varying channel state (i.e., no CSIT), we proposecoding strategies that code across topologies, and develop upper bounds on thesum degrees-of-freedom (DoF) that is shown to be tight under certain pattern ofthe topology variation. Furthermore we demonstrate that the proposed schemeapproximately achieves the ergodic sum-capacity of the network. Using theproposed coding scheme, we numerically evaluate the ergodic rate gain over atime-division-multiple-access (TDMA) scheme for Rayleigh and Rice fadingchannels. We also numerically demonstrate that with practical orbitalparameters, a 9.6% DoF gain, as well as more than 11.6% throughput gain can beachieved for a rover-to-orbiter communication network.

Rover-to-Orbiter Communication in Mars: Taking Advantage of the Varying Topology