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Turbulence is one of the most frequently encountered non-equilibriumphenomena in nature yet characterising the transition that gives rise to it hasremained an elusive task. Although in recent studies critical points markingthe onset of sustained turbulence have been determined, the physical nature ofthe transition could not be explained. In extensive experimental andcomputational studies we show for the example of Couette flow that the onset ofturbulence is a second order phase transition and falls into the directedpercolation universality class. Consequently the complex laminar-turbulentpatterns distinctive for transition in shear flows result from nearestneighbour interactions of turbulent domains and are characterised by universalcritical exponents. More generally our study demonstrates that even highdimensional systems far from equilibrium like turbulence exhibit universalityat onset and that here the collective dynamics obeys simple rules.

The universality class of the transition to turbulence