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Ultra network densification and Massive MIMO are considered major 5G enablerssince they promise huge capacity gains by exploiting proximity, spectral andspatial reuse benefits. Both approaches rely on increasing the number of accesselements per user, either through deploying more access nodes over an area orincreasing the number of antenna elements per access node. At thenetwork-level, optimal user-association for a densely and randomly deployednetwork of Massive MIMO empowered access nodes must account for both channeland load conditions. In this paper we formulate this complex problem, reportits computationally intractability and reformulate it to a plausible form,amenable to acquire a global optimal solution with reasonable complexity. Weapply the proposed optimization model to typical ultra-dense outdoor small-cellsetups and demonstrate: (i) the significant impact of optimal user-associationto the achieved rate levels compared to a baseline strategy, and (ii) theoptimality of alternative network access element deployment strategies.

Optimal User Association for Massive MIMO Empowered Ultra-Dense Wireless Networks