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Scalar dark matter can interact with Standard Model (SM) particles, alteringthe fundamental constants of Nature in the process. Changes in the fundamentalconstants during and prior to Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) produce changes inthe primordial abundances of the light elements. By comparing the measured andcalculated (within the SM) primordial abundance of $^{4}$He, which ispredominantly determined by the ratio of the neutron-proton mass difference tofreeze-out temperature at the time of weak interaction freeze-out prior to BBN,we are able to derive stringent constraints on the mass of a scalar dark matterparticle $\phi$ together with its interactions with the photon, light quarksand massive vector bosons via quadratic couplings in $\phi$, as well as itsinteractions with massive vector bosons via linear couplings in $\phi$. We alsoderive a stringent constraint on the quadratic interaction of $\phi$ with thephoton from recent atomic dysprosium spectroscopy measurements.

Constraining scalar dark matter with Big Bang nucleosynthesis and atomic spectroscopy