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RNA molecules in living cells form what look like liquid droplets formed byliquid/liquid phase separation. But unlike the molecules in conventional phaseseparating mixtures, RNA molecules are transported by molecular motors thatconsume energy and so are out of equilibrium. Motivated by this we considerwhat sort of simple rules for the dynamics of model mRNA molecules lead toliquid/liquid phase separation. We find that dynamics that slow as the localdensity of molecules increases, drive the formation of liquids. We also look atthe analogous separation of the two blocks of a block copolymer, in which themonomers of one block have dynamics that depend on the local density ofmonomers of that block. We find that this block condenses and separates fromthe monomers of the other block. This is a simple model of theout-of-equilibrium domain formation found in the chromatin in the nucleus ofcells.

Liquids that form due to dynamics of the molecules that depend on the local density