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Nanoscale defect structure within the magnetic penetration depth of ~100nm iskey to the performance limitations of niobium superconducting radio frequency(SRF) cavities. Using a unique combination of advanced thermometry duringcavity RF measurements, and TEM structural and compositional characterizationof the samples extracted from cavity walls, we discover the existence ofnanoscale hydrides in electropolished cavities limited by the high field Qslope, and show the decreased hydride formation in the electropolished cavityafter 120C baking. Furthermore, we demonstrate that adding 800C hydrogendegassing followed by light buffered chemical polishing restores the hydrideformation to the pre-120C bake level. We also show absence of niobium oxidesalong the grain boundaries and the modifications of the surface oxide upon 120Cbake.

Nanostructural features degrading the performance of superconducting radio frequency niobium cavities revealed by TEM and EELS