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Objective. While ultrasound is largely established for use in diagnosticimaging and heating therapies, its application for neuromodulation isrelatively new and not well understood. The objective of the present study wasto investigate issues related to interactions between focused acoustic beamsand brain tissues to better understand possible limitations of transcranialultrasound for neuromodulation. Approach. A computational model of transcranialfocused ultrasound was constructed and validated against bench top experimentaldata. The models were then incrementally extended to address and investigate anumber of issues related to the use of ultrasound for neuromodulation. Theseincluded the effect of variations in skull geometry and gyral anatomy, as wellas the effect of transmission across multiple tissue and media layers, such asscalp, skull, CSF, and gray/white matter on ultrasound insertion behavior. Inaddition, a sensitivity analysis was run to characterize the influence ofacoustic properties of intracranial tissues. Finally, the heating associatedwith ultrasonic stimulation waveforms designed for neuromodulation was modeled.Main results. Depending on factors such as acoustic frequency, the insertionbehavior of a transcranial focused ultrasound beam is only subtly influenced bythe geometry and acoustic properties of the underlying tissues. Significance.These issues are critical for the refinement of device design and the overalladvancement of ultrasound methods for noninvasive neuromodulation.

Analysis of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Beam Profile Sensitivity for Neuromodulation of the Human Brain