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We investigate the dose and dose-rate dependence of the mutation frequencycaused by artificial radiations with Whack-A-Mole (WAM) model which we haverecently proposed. In particular, we pay special attention to the case oflong-term and low dose-rate exposure. The results indicate that the dose-ratedependence is successfully described with WAM model and it may replace theso-called DDREF, the concept of which has long been adopted to take account ofthe difference between the high dose-rate data and the low dose-rate ones.Basic properties of WAM model are discussed emphasizing the dose-ratedependence to demonstrate how the explicit dose-rate dependence built in themodel plays a key role. By adopting the parameters that are determined to fitthe mega mouse experiments, biological effects of long-term exposure toextremely low dose-rate radiation are discussed. In WAM model, the effects ofthe long-term exposure show a saturation property, which makes a cleardistinction from the LNT hypothesis which predicts a linear increase of theeffects with time.

Dose and dose-rate dependence of mutation frequency under long-term exposure - A new look at DDREF from WAM model -