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The greedy strategy of geographical routing may cause the local minimumproblem when there is a hole in the routing area. It depends on otherstrategies such as perimeter routing to find a detour path, which can be longand result in inefficiency of the routing protocol. In this paper, we propose anew approach called Intermediate Target based Geographic Routing (ITGR) tosolve the long detour path problem. The basic idea is to use previousexperience to determine the destination areas that are shaded by the holes. Thenovelty of the approach is that a single forwarding path can be used todetermine a shaded area that may cover many destination nodes. We design anefficient method for the source to find out whether a destination node belongsto a shaded area. The source then selects an intermediate node as the tentativetarget and greedily forwards packets to it, which in turn forwards the packetto the final destination by greedy routing. ITGR can combine multiple shadedareas to improve the efficiency of representation and routing. We performsimulations and demonstrate that ITGR significantly reduces the routing pathlength, compared with existing geographic routing protocols.

Improving Routing Efficiency through Intermediate Target Based Geographic Routing