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Based on an empirical study of real field traffic data measured in 1996--2014through road detectors installed on German freeways, we reveal physicalfeatures of empirical nuclei for spontaneous traffic breakdown in free flow athighway bottlenecks. It is shown that the source of a nucleus for trafficbreakdown is the solely difference between empirical spontaneous and inducedtraffic breakdowns at a highway bottleneck. Microscopic traffic simulationswith a stochastic traffic flow model in the framework of three-phase theoryexplain the empirical findings. It turns out that in the most cases, a nucleusfor empirical spontaneous traffic breakdown occurs through an interaction ofone of waves in free flow with an empirical permanent speed disturbancelocalized at a highway bottleneck. The wave is a localized structure in freeflow, in which the total flow rate is larger and the speed averaged across thehighway is smaller than outside the wave. The waves in free flow appear due tooscilations in the percentage of slow vehicles; these waves propagate with theaverage speed of slow vehicles in free flow (about 85--88 km/h for Germanhighways). Any of the waves exhibits a two-dimensional asymmetricspatiotemporal structure: Wave's characteristics are different in differenthighway lanes.

Empirical Features of Spontaneous and Induced Traffic Breakdowns in Free Flow at Highway Bottlenecks