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This paper seeks to understand extreme public transit riders in Beijing usingboth traditional household survey and emerging new data sources such as SmartCard Data (SCD). We focus on four types of extreme transit behaviors: publictransit riders who (1) travel significantly earlier than average riders (the'early birds'); (2) ride in unusual late hours (the 'night owls'); and (3)commute in excessively long distance (the 'tireless itinerants'); (4) travelover frequently in a day (the 'recurring itinerants). SCD are used to identifythe spatiotemporal patterns of these three extreme transit behaviors. Inaddition, household survey data are employed to supplement the socioeconomicbackground and provide a tentative profiling of extreme travelers. While theresearch findings are useful to guide urban governance and planning in Beijing,the methods developed in this paper can be applied to understand travelpatterns elsewhere.

Early Birds, Night Owls,and Tireless/Recurring Itinerants: An Exploratory Analysis of Extreme Transit Behaviors in Beijing, China