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A series of measurements using a novel technique calledelectrostatic-manipulation scanning tunneling microscopy were performed on ahighly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. The electrostaticinteraction between the STM tip and the sample can be tuned to produce bothreversible and irreversible large-scale vertical movement of the HOPG surface.Under this influence, atomic-resolution STM images reveal that a continuouselectronic reconstruction transition from a triangular symmetry, where onlyalternate atoms are imaged, to a honeycomb structure can be systematicallycontrolled. First-principles calculations reveal that this transition can berelated to vertical displacements of the top layer of graphite relative to thebulk. Detailed analysis of the band structure predicts that a transition fromparabolic to linear bands occurs after a 0.09 nm displacement of the top layer.

New Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Technique Enables Systematic Study of the Unique Electronic Transition from Graphite to Graphene