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This paper is devoted to the theory of quantum electromagnetic field in anoptically dense medium. Self-consistent equations describing interactionbetween a quantum field and a quantum dielectric medium are obtained from thefirst principles, i.e., outside a phenomenological description. Using theseequations, we found a transformation (of the Bogoliubov transformation type)that converts the operators of the "vacuum" field into operators of collectiveperturbations of the field and an ensemble of atoms, that is, photons in themedium. Transformation parameter is the refractive index of the wave modeconsidered. It is shown that besides the energy of the collectiveelectromagnetic field, the energy of photons in the medium includes the energyof the internal degrees of freedom of the substance and the energy ofnear-field dipole interaction between atoms in the polarized medium. Theconcept of negative energy photons is introduced on the basis ofself-consistent equations.

The features of a quantum description of radiation in an optically dense medium