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In order to avoid collisions with space debris, the near Earth orbit must becontinuously scanned by either ground- or spaced-based facilities. For the lowEarth orbit, radar telescopes are the workhorse for this task, especially dueto their continuous availability. However, optical observation methods candeliver complementary information, especially towards high accuracymeasurements. Passive-optical observations are inexpensive and can yield veryprecise information about the apparent position of the object in the sky viacomparison with background stars. However, the object's distance from theobserver is not readily accessible, which constitutes a major drawback of thisapproach for the precise calculation of the orbital elements. Two experimentalmethods have been devised to overcome this problem: Using two observatories afew kilometres apart, strictly simultaneous observations of the same objectyield an accurate, instantaneous 3D position determination through measurementof the parallax. If only one observatory is available, a pulsed laser can beused in addition to the passive-optical channel to measure the distance to theobject, in a similar fashion as used by the satellite laser ranging community.However, compared to conventional laser ranging, a stronger laser and moreelaborate tracking algorithms are necessary. The two approaches can also becombined by illuminating the object with a pulsed laser from one observatoryand measuring the return times at both observatories. These techniques areexplored by German Aerospace Center in Stuttgart using its orbital debrisresearch observatory, in cooperation with the Satellite Laser Ranging stationin Graz and the Geodetic Observatory in Wettzell. This contribution willpresent some of the results and plans for further measurement campaigns.

Optical technologies for the observation of low Earth orbit objects