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The antifungal effects of orthorhombic (~10 nm; spherical) and monoclinic(~50 nm; tetrapod) sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) were studied against theNADPH-dependent glutathione reductase (GR) mediated xenobiotic detoxificationsystem (GSH-GSSG) in filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger as a model organism).Both the SNPs induced significant reduction in fungal growth and sporeformation, and also introduced marked deformities on the surface ofconidiophores at their sub-inhibitory concentrations. A genome widetranscriptome profile then revealed manifold reduction in the expression ofGSH-GSSG transcripts among SNPs treated fungal isolates, which is unusual forthe micron sized elemental sulfur but probably effective in terms of antifungalefficacy.

Surface modified sulfur nanoparticles can escape the glutathione reductase mediated detoxification system in fungi