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The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will transform our understanding of the roleof the cold, atomic gas in galaxy evolution. The interstellar medium (ISM) isthe repository of stellar ejecta and the birthsite of new stars and, hence, akey factor in the evolution of galaxies over cosmic time. Cold, diffuse, atomicclouds are a key component of the ISM, but so far this phase has been difficultto study, because its main tracer, the HI 21 cm line, does not constrain thebasic physical information of the gas (e.g., temperature, density) well. TheSKA opens up the opportunity to study this component of the ISM through acomplementary tracer in the form of low-frequency (<350 MHz) carbon radiorecombination lines (CRRL). These CRRLs provide a sensitive probe of thephysical conditions in cold, diffuse clouds. The superb sensitivity, largefield of view, frequency resolution and coverage of the SKA allows forefficient surveys of the sky, that will revolutionize the field oflow-frequency recombination line studies. By observing these lines with the SKAwe will be able determine the thermal balance, chemical enrichment, andionization rate of the cold, atomic medium from degree-scales down to scalescorresponding to individual clouds and filaments in our Galaxy, the MagellanicClouds and beyond. Furthermore, being sensitive only to the cold, atomic gas,observations of low-frequency CRRLs with the SKA will aid in disentangling thewarm and cold constituents of the HI 21 cm emission.

The Physics of the Cold Neutral Medium: Low-frequency Carbon Radio Recombination Lines with the Square Kilometre Array