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New imaging techniques are in great demand for investigating undergroundplant roots systems which play an important role in crop production. Comparedwith other non-destructive imaging modalities, PET can image plant roots innatural soil and produce dynamic 3D functional images which reveal the temporaldynamics of plant-environment interactions. In this study, we combined PET withoptical projection tomography (OPT) to evaluate its potential for plant rootphenotyping. We used a dedicated high resolution plant PET imager that has a 14cm transaxial and 10 cm axial field of views, and multi-bed imaging capability.The image resolution is around 1.25 mm using ML-EM reconstruction algorithm.B73 inbred maize seeds were germinated and then grown in a sealed jar withtransparent gel-based media. PET scanning started on the day when the firstgreen leaf appeared, and was carried out once a day for 5 days. Each morning,around 10 mCi of 11CO2 was administrated into a custom built plant labelingchamber. After 10 minutes, residual activity was flushed out with fresh airbefore a 2-h PET scan started. For the OPT imaging, the jar was placed insidean acrylic cubic container filled with water, illuminated with a uniformsurface light source, and imaged by a DSLR camera from 72 angles to acquireoptical images for OPT reconstruction. The same plant was imaged 3 times a dayby the OPT system. Plant roots growth is measured from the optical images.Co-registered PET and optical images indicate that most of the hot spotsappeared in later time points of the PET images correspond to the most activelygrowing root tips. The strong linear correlation between 11C allocation at roottips measured by PET and eventual root growth measured by OPT suggests that wecan use PET as a phenotyping tool to measure how a plant makes subterraneancarbon allocation decisions in different environmental scenarios.

Combined 3D PET and Optical Projection Tomography Techniques for Plant Root Phenotyping