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Planets in their formative years can migrate due to the influence ofgravitational torques in the protoplanetary disk they inhabit. For low-massplanets in an isothermal disk, it is known that there is a strong negativetorque on the planet due to its linear perturbation to the disk, causing fastinward migration. The current investigation demonstrates that in these sameisothermal disks, for intermediate-mass planets, there is a strong positivenonlinear corotation torque due to the effects of gas being pulled through agap on horseshoe orbits. For intermediate-mass planets, this positive torquecan partially or completely cancel the linear (Type I) torque, leading toslower or outward migration, even in an isothermal disk. The effect is mostsignificant for Super-Earth and Sub-Jovian planets, during the transition froma low-mass linear perturber to a non-linear gap-opening planet, when the planethas opened a so-called 'partial gap'. In this study, numerical calculations ofplanet-disk interactions calculate these torques explicitly, and scalings areempirically constructed for migration rates in this weakly nonlinear regime.These results find outward migration is possible for planets with masses in the20 - 100 Earth Mass range.

Halting Migration: Numerical Calculations of Corotation Torques in the Weakly Nonlinear Regime