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As the endpoints of massive star evolution, neutron stars are enigmaticcelestial objects characterized by extremely dense and exotic nuclear matter,magnetospheres with positrons (antimatter), rapid rotation and ultra-strongmagnetic fields. Such an extreme environment has provided an accessibleastrophysical laboratory to study physics under conditions unattainable onEarth and to tackle a range of fundamental questions related to: the aftermathof stellar evolution and the powerful explosions of massive stars, the equationof state and physics of some of the most exotic and magnetic stars in theUniverse, the workings of the most powerful particle accelerators in our Galaxyand beyond, and the sources of gravitational waves that are yet to be detected.Recent observations revealed a great diversity of neutron stars, includingultra-strongly magnetized pulsars, referred to as "magnetars", and unusualtypes of accreting X-ray pulsars. In this white paper, we highlight theprospects of the upcoming X-ray mission, ASTRO-H, in studying these highlymagnetized neutron stars.

ASTRO-H White Paper - Accreting Pulsars, Magnetars, and Related Sources