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Massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are onepossible key technology for next generation wireless communication systems.Claims have been made that massive MU-MIMO will increase both the radiatedenergy efficiency as well as the sum-rate capacity by orders of magnitude,because of the high transmit directivity. However, due to the very large numberof transceivers needed at each base-station (BS), a successful implementationof massive MU-MIMO will be contingent on of the availability of very cheap,compact and power-efficient radio and digital-processing hardware. This may inturn impair the quality of the modulated radio frequency (RF) signal due to anincreased amount of power-amplifier distortion, phase-noise, and quantizationnoise.  In this paper, we examine the effects of hardware impairments on a massiveMU-MIMO single-cell system by means of theory and simulation. The simulationsare performed using simplified, well-established statistical hardwareimpairment models as well as more sophisticated and realistic models based uponmeasurements and electromagnetic antenna array simulations.

On the Impact of Hardware Impairments on Massive MIMO