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Energy cost of cellular networks is ever-increasing to match the surge ofwireless data traffic, and the saving of this cost is important to reduce theoperational expenditure (OPEX) of wireless operators in future. The recentadvancements of renewable energy integration and two-way energy flow in smartgrid provide potential new solutions to save the cost. However, they alsoimpose challenges, especially on how to use the stochastically and spatiallydistributed renewable energy harvested at cellular base stations (BSs) toreliably supply time- and space-varying wireless traffic over cellularnetworks. To overcome these challenges, in this article we present threeapproaches, namely, {\emph{energy cooperation, communication cooperation, andjoint energy and communication cooperation}}, in which different BSsbidirectionally trade or share energy via the aggregator in smart grid, and/orshare wireless resources and shift loads with each other to reduce the totalenergy cost.

Cost-Aware Green Cellular Networks with Energy and Communication Cooperation