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Objective: Cause-of-death distributions are important for prioritisinginterventions. We estimated proportions, risks, and numbers of deaths (withuncertainty) for programme-relevant causes of neonatal death for 194 countriesfor 2000-2013, differentiating between the early (days 0-6) and late (days7-27) neonatal periods.  Methods: For 65 high-quality VR countries, we used the observed early andlate neonatal proportional cause distributions. For the remaining 129countries, we used multinomial logistic models to estimate the early and lateproportional cause distributions. We used separate models, with differentinputs, for low and high neonatal mortality countries. We applied thesecause-specific proportions to neonatal death estimates from the United Nationsby country/year to estimate cause-specific risks and numbers of deaths.  Findings: Of the 2.76 million neonatal deaths in 2013, 0.99 (uncertainty:0.70-1.31) million (35.7%) were estimated to be from preterm complications,0.64 (uncertainty: 0.46-0.84) million (23.4%) from intrapartum-relatedcomplications, and 0.43 (0.22-0.66) million (15.6%) from sepsis. Preterm(40.8%) and intrapartum-related (27.0%) complications accounted for themajority of early neonatal deaths while infections caused nearly half of lateneonatal deaths. In every region, preterm was the leading cause of neonataldeath, with the highest risks in Southern Asia (11.9 per 1000 livebirths) andSub-Saharan Africa (9.5).  Conclusion: The neonatal cause-of-death distribution differs between theearly and late periods, and varies with NMR level and over time. To reduceneonatal deaths, this knowledge must be incorporated into policy decisions. TheEvery Newborn Action Plan provides stimulus for countries to update nationalstrategies and include high-impact interventions to address these causes.

Cause-of-death estimates for the early and late neonatal periods for 194 countries from 2000-2013