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In this paper we investigate the scalar Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect in two ofits forms, i.e., its electric form and its gravitational form. The standardform of the electric AB effect involves having particles (such as electrons)move in regions with zero electric field but different electric potentials.When a particle is recombined with itself, it will have a different phase,which can show up as a change in the way the single particle interferes withitself when it is recombined with itself. In the case where one hasquasi-static fields and potentials, the particle will invariably encounterfringing fields, which makes the theoretical and experimental status of theelectric AB effect much less clear than that of the magnetic (or vector) ABeffect. Here we propose using time varying fields outside of a spherical shell,and potentials inside a spherical shell to experimentally test the scalar ABeffect. In our proposal a quantum system will always be in a field-free regionbut subjected to a non-zero time-varying potentials. Furthermore, our systemwill not be spatially split and brought back together as in the magnetic ABexperiment. Therefore there is no spatial interference and hence no shift in aspatial interference pattern to observe. Rather, there arises purely temporalinterference phenomena. As in the magnetic AB experiments, these effects arenon-classical. We present two versions of this idea: (i) a Josephson temporalinterferometry experiment inside a superconducting spherical shell with atime-varying surface charge; (ii) a two-level atom experiment in which theatomic spectrum acquires FM sidebands when it is placed inside a sphericalshell whose exterior mass is sinusoidally varying with time. The former leadsto a time-varying internal magnetic field, and the latter leads to atime-varying gravitational redshift.

Observability of the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect inside a 3D Faraday cage with time-varying exterior charges and masses