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Ion transport is the major determining factor of salinity tolerance inplants. A simple scheme of a plant cell with ion fluxes provides basicunderstanding of ion transport and the corresponding changes of ionconcentrations under salinity. The review describes in detail basic principlesof ion transport for a plant cell, introduces set of transporters essential forsodium and potassium uptake and efflux, analyses driving forces of iontransport and compares ion fluxes measured by several techniques. Study ofdifferences in ion transport between salt tolerant halophytes andsalt-sensitive plants with an emphasis on transport of potassium and sodium viaplasma membranes offers knowledge for increasing salinity tolerance. Effects ofsalt stress on ion transport properties of membranes show huge opportunitiesfor manipulating ion transport. Several attempts to overexpress or knockout iontransporters for changing salinity tolerance are described. Future perspectivesare questioned with more attention given to potential candidate ion channelsand transporters for altered expression. The potential direction of increasingsalinity tolerance by modifying ion channels and transporters is discussed andquestioned. An alternative approach from synthetic biology is to modify theexisting membrane transport proteins or create new ones with desired propertiesfor transforming agricultural crops. The approach had not been widely usedearlier and leads also to theoretical and pure scientific aspects of proteinchemistry, structure-function relations of membrane proteins, systems biologyand physiology of stress and ion homeostasis.

Salinity tolerance in plants: attempts to manipulate ion transport