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Femtosecond pulses hold great promise for high-precision tissue removal.However, ablation rates are severely limited by the need to keep average laserpower low to avoid collateral damage due to heat accumulation. Furthermore,previously reported pulse energies preclude delivery in flexible fibers,hindering in vivo operation. Both of these problems can be addressed throughuse of groups of high-repetition-rate pulses, or bursts. Here, we report anovel fiber laser and demonstrate ultrafast burst-mode ablation of brain tissueat rates approaching 1 mm$^3$/min, an order of magnitude improvement overprevious reports. Burst mode operation is shown to be superior in terms ofenergy required and avoidance of thermal effects, compared to uniformrepetition rates. These results can pave the way to in vivo operation atmedically relevant speeds, delivered via flexible fibers to surgicallyhard-to-reach targets, or with simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging.

Efficient, high-speed ablation of soft tissue with few-microjoule, femtosecond pulse bursts