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Quantum and thermal fluctuations of electromagnetic fields, which give riseto Planck's law of blackbody radiation, are also responsible for van der Waalsand Casimir forces, as well as near-field radiative energy transfer betweenobjects. Electromagnetic waves transport energy, momentum, and entropy. Forclassical thermal radiation, the dependence of the above mentioned quantitieson the temperature is well-known mainly due to Planck's work. When near-fieldeffects, namely the collective influence of diffraction, interference, andtunneling of waves, become important, Planck's theory is no longer valid. Ofmomentum, energy, and entropy transfer, the role of near-field effects onmomentum transfer between two half-spaces separated by a vacuum gap (van derWaals pressure in the vacuum gap) was first determined by Lifshitz, usingRytov's theory of fluctuational electrodynamics in 1956. Subsequently,Dzyaloshinskii, Lifshitz, and Pitaevskii, employing sophisticated methods fromquantum field theory, generalized Lifshitz' result for van der Waals pressurein a vacuum layer to the case of van der Waals pressure in a dissipative layerbetween two half-spaces. The influence of near-field effects on radiativetransfer was appreciated only in the late 1960s and, subsequently, in the lasttwo decades because of the enhancement in radiative transfer due toelectromagnetic surface waves. The role played by near-field effects on entropytransfer has not been investigated so far, at least when the temperaturedistribution is non-uniform.

Review of fluctuational electrodynamics and its applications to radiative momentum, energy and entropy transport