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Massive MIMO is a promising technique to increase the spectral efficiency ofcellular networks, by deploying antenna arrays with hundreds or thousands ofactive elements at the base stations and performing coherent beamforming. Acommon rule-of-thumb is that these systems should have an order of magnitudemore antennas, $N$, than scheduled users, $K$, because the users' channels arethen likely to be quasi-orthogonal. However, it has not been proved that thisrule-of-thumb actually maximizes the spectral efficiency. In this paper, weanalyze how the optimal number of scheduled users, $K^\star$, depends on $N$and other system parameters. The value of $K^\star$ in the large-$N$ regime isderived in closed form, while simulations are used to show what happens atfinite $N$, in different interference scenarios, and for different beamforming.

Optimizing Multi-Cell Massive MIMO for Spectral Efficiency: How Many Users Should Be Scheduled?