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The delay guarantee is a challenge in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), whereenergy constraints must be considered. The coexistence of renewable energy andelectricity grid is expected as a promising energy supply manner for WSNs toremain function for a potentially infinite lifetime. In this paper, we addresscross-layer control to guarantee worse case delay for Heterogeneous Powered(HP) WSNs. We design a novel virtual delay queue structure, and apply theLyapunov optimization technique to develop cross-layer control algorithm onlyrequiring knowledge of the instantaneous system state, which provides efficientthroughput-utility, and guarantees bounded worst-case delay. We analyze theperformance of the proposed algorithm and verify the theoretic claims throughthe simulation results. Compared to the existing work, the algorithm presentedin this paper achieves much higher optimal objective value with ultralow datadrop due to the proposed novel virtual queue structure.

Cross-Layer Control for Worse Case Delay Guarantees in Heterogeneous Powered Wireless Sensor Network via Lyapunov Optimization