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We analyze theoretically and experimentally how nonlineardifferential-transmission spectroscopy of a lambda-system medium can providequantitative understanding of the optical dipole moments and transitionenergies. We focus on the situation where two optical fields spatially overlapand co-propagate to a single detector. Nonlinear interactions givecross-modulation between a modulated and non-modulated laser field, yieldingdifferential transmission signals. Our analysis shows how this approach can beused to enhance the visibility of relatively weak transitions, and howparticular choices in the experimental design minimize systematic errors andthe sensitivity to changes in laser field intensities. Experimentally, wedemonstrate the relevance of our analysis with spectroscopy on the donor-boundexciton system of silicon donors in GaAs, where the transitions from the twobound-electron spin states to a bound-exciton state form a lambda system. Ourapproach is, however, of generic value for many spectroscopy experiments onsolid-state systems in small cryogenic measurement volumes where in-situfrequency or polarization filtering of control and signal fields is oftenchallenging.

Analysis of optical differential transmission signals from co-propagating fields in a lambda system medium