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Modern DRAM architectures allow a number of low-power states on individualmemory ranks for advanced power management. Many previous studies have takenadvantage of demotions on low-power states for energy saving. However, most ofthe demotion schemes are statically performed on a limited number ofpre-selected low-power states, and are suboptimal for different workloads andmemory architectures. Even worse, the idle periods are often too short foreffective power state transitions, especially for memory intensiveapplications. Wrong decisions on power state transition incur significantenergy and delay penalties. In this paper, we propose a novel memory systemdesign named RAMZzz with rank-aware energy saving optimizations includingdynamic page migrations and adaptive demotions. Specifically, we group thepages with similar access locality into the same rank with dynamic pagemigrations. Ranks have their hotness: hot ranks are kept busy for highutilization and cold ranks can have more lengthy idle periods for power statetransitions. We further develop adaptive state demotions by considering alllow-power states for each rank and a prediction model to estimate thepower-down timeout among states. We experimentally compare our algorithm withother energy saving policies with cycle-accurate simulation. Experiments withbenchmark workloads show that RAMZzz achieves significant improvement onenergy-delay2 and energy consumption over other energy saving techniques.

Rank-Aware Dynamic Migrations and Adaptive Demotions for DRAM Power Management