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In the first part of this paper, we review the assumption of the L-S couplingscheme, with which we derive the electronic states arising from a given atomicconfiguration. Then, with the aid of the spectral data of Group 15 elements, itbecomes clear that the assumption of the L-S coupling scheme is no longer validas we go farther and farther down the Periodic Table. In the second part, weintroduce the j-j coupling scheme, which is seldom covered in standardinorganic chemistry texts, and contrast the assumptions of the two schemes.Next, we use two worked examples to demonstrate the derivation of electronicstates with the j-j coupling scheme. Finally, the correlation between thestates derived by L-S and j-j schemes is pictorially shown. It is believed astudent, by also studying j-j coupling schemes (by no means a difficult task)along with the L-S scheme, will gain a better understanding of the concept ofatomic electronic states.

Atomic electronic states: the L-S and j-j coupling schemes and their correlation