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An important piece of evidence for dark matter is the need to explain thegrowth of structure from the time of horizon entry and radiation-matterequality to the formation of stars and galaxies. This cannot be explained byusing general relativity without dark matter. So far, dark matter particleshave not been detected in laboratory measurements or at the LHC. We demonstratethat enhanced structure growth can happen in a modified gravity theory (MOG).The vector field and particle introduced in the theory to explain galaxy andcluster dynamics plays an important role in generating the required structuregrowth. The particle called the phion (a light hidden photon) is neutral and isa dominant, pressureless component in the MOG Friedmann equations, before thetime of decoupling. The dominant energy density of the phion particle in theearly universe, generates an explanation for the growth of densityperturbations. The angular acoustical power spectrum due to baryon-photonpressure waves is in agreement with the Planck 2013 data. As the universeexpands and large scale structures are formed, the density of baryons dominatesand the rotation curves of galaxies and the dynamics of clusters are explainedin MOG, when the phion particle in the present universe is ultra-light. Thematter power spectrum determined by the theory is in agreement with currentgalaxy redshift surveys.

Structure Growth and the CMB in Modified Gravity (MOG)