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The characterization of cattle demographics and especially movements is anessential component in the modeling of dynamics in cattle systems, yet forcattle systems of the United States (US), this is missing. Through alarge-scale maximum entropy optimization formulation, we estimate cattlemovement parameters to characterize the movements of cattle across $10$ CentralStates and $1034$ counties of the United States. Inputs to the estimationproblem are taken from the United States Department of Agriculture NationalAgricultural Statistics Service database and are pre-processed in a pair oftightly constrained optimization problems to recover non-disclosed elements ofdata. We compare stochastic subpopulation-based movements generated from theestimated parameters to operation-based movements published by the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture. For future Census of Agriculturedistributions, we propose a series of questions that enable improvements forour method without compromising the privacy of cattle operations. Our novelmethod to estimate cattle movements across large US regions characterizescounty-level stratified subpopulations of cattle for data-driven livestockmodeling. Our estimated movement parameters suggest a significant risk levelfor US cattle systems.

An estimation of cattle movement parameters in the Central States of the US