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In this paper, we study the so-called 'Mathematical part' of Plato'sTheaetetus. Its subject concerns the incommensurability of certain magnitudes,in modern terms the question of the rationality or irrationality of the squareroots of integers. As the most ancient text on the subject, and on Greekmathematics and mathematicians as well, its historical importance is enormous.The difficulty to understand it lies in the close intertwining of differentfields we found in it: philosophy, history and mathematics. But conversely,correctly understood, it gives some evidences both about the question of theorigins of the irrationals in Greek mathematics and some points concerningPlato's thought. Taking into account the historical context and thephilosophical background generally forgotten in mathematical analyses, we get anew interpretation of this text, which far from being a tribute to somemathematicians, is a radical criticism of their ways of thinking. And themathematical lesson, far from being a tribute to some future mathematicalachievements, is ending on an aporia, in accordance with the whole dialogue.

Comprendre les math\'ematiques pour comprendre Platon - th\'e\'et\`ete (147d-148b)