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It has been suggested that the origins of cognitive modernity in theMiddle/Upper Paleolithic following the appearance of anatomically modern humanswas due to the onset of dual processing or contextual focus (CF), the abilityto shift between different modes of thought: an explicit mode conducive tological problem solving, and an implicit mode conducive to free-association andbreaking out of a rut. Mathematical and computational models of CF supportedthis hypothesis, showing that CF is conducive to making creative connections byplacing concepts in new contexts. This paper proposes that CF was made possibleby mutation of the FOXP2 gene in the Paleolithic. FOXP2, once thought to be the'language gene', turned out not to be uniquely associated with language. In itsmodern form FOXP2 enabled fine-tuning of the neurological mechanisms underlyingthe capacity to shift between processing modes by varying the size of theactivated region of memory.

A Tentative Role for FOXP2 in the Evolution of Dual Processing Modes and Generative Abilities