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As artificial structures, metamaterials are usually described by macroscopiceffective medium parameters, which are named as "analog metamaterials". Here,we propose "digital metamaterials" in two steps. Firstly, we present "codingmetamaterials" that are composed of only two kinds of unit cells with 0 and{\pi} phase responses, which we name as "0" and "1" elements. By coding "0" and"1" elements with controlled sequences (i.e., 1-bit coding), we can manipulateelectromagnetic (EM) waves and realize different functionalities. The conceptof coding metamaterial can be extended from 1-bit coding to 2-bit or more. In2-bit coding, four kinds of unit cells with phase responses 0, {\pi}/2, {\pi},and 3{\pi}/2 are required to mimic "00", "01", "10" and "11" elements, whichhave larger freedom to control EM waves. Secondly, we propose a uniquemetamaterial particle which has either "0" or "1" response controlled by abiased diode. Based on the particle, we present "digital metamaterials" withunit cells having either "0" or "1" state. Using the field-programmable gatearray, we realize to control the digital metamaterial digitally. By programmingdifferent coding sequences, a single digital metamaterial has distinctabilities in manipulating EM waves, realizing the "programming metamaterials".The above concepts and physical phenomena are confirmed by numericalsimulations and experiments through metasurfaces.

Coding Metamaterials, Digital Metamaterials and Programming Metamaterials