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In systematic reviews and meta-analysis, researchers often pool the resultsof the sample mean and standard deviation from a set of similar clinicaltrials. A number of the trials, however, reported the study using the median,the minimum and maximum values, and/or the first and third quartiles. Hence, inorder to combine results, one may have to estimate the sample mean and standarddeviation for such trials. In this paper, we propose to improve the existingliterature in several directions. First, we show that the sample standarddeviation estimation in Hozo et al. (2005) has some serious limitations and isalways less satisfactory in practice. Inspired by this, we propose a newestimation method by incorporating the sample size. Second, we systematicallystudy the sample mean and standard deviation estimation problem under moregeneral settings where the first and third quartiles are also available for thetrials. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that the proposed methodsgreatly improve the existing methods and enrich the literature. We conclude ourwork with a summary table that serves as a comprehensive guidance forperforming meta-analysis in different situations.

Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range