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Performance limitations in visual short-term memory (VSTM) tasks havetraditionally been explained in terms of resource or capacity limitations. Ithas been claimed, for example, that VSTM possesses a limited amount ofcognitive or neural "resources" that can be used to remember a visual display.In this paper, we highlight the potential importance of a previously neglectedfactor that might contribute significantly to performance limitations in VSTMtasks: namely, a mismatch between the prior expectations and/or the internalnoise properties of the visual system based primarily on its adaptation to thestatistics of the natural environment and the statistics of the visual stimuliused in most VSTM experiments. We call this 'model mismatch'. Surprisingly, weshow that model mismatch alone, without assuming a general resource or capacitylimitation, can, in principle, account for some of the main qualitativecharacteristics of performance limitations observed in VSTM tasks, including:(i) monotonic decline in memory precision with increasing set size; (ii)variability in memory precision across items and trials; and (iii) differentset-size dependencies for initial encoding rate and asymptotic precision whenthe duration of image presentation is varied. We also investigate theconsequences of using experimental stimuli that more closely match the priorexpectations and/or internal noise properties of the visual system. The resultsreveal qualitatively very different patterns of behavior for such stimuli,suggesting that researchers should be cautious about generalizing the resultsof experiments using ecologically unrealistic stimulus statistics toecologically more realistic stimuli.

Are Performance Limitations in Visual Short-Term Memory Tasks Due to Capacity Limitations or Model Mismatch?