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From a liberal perspective, pluralism and viewpoint diversity are seen as anecessary condition for a well-functioning democracy. Recently, there have beenclaims that viewpoint diversity is diminishing in online social networks,putting users in a "bubble", where they receive political information whichthey agree with. The contributions from our investigations are fivefold: (1) weintroduce different dimensions of the highly complex value viewpoint diversityusing political theory; (2) we provide an overview of the metrics used in theliterature of viewpoint diversity analysis; (3) we operationalize new metricsusing the theory and provide a framework to analyze viewpoint diversity inTwitter for different political cultures; (4) we share our results for a casestudy on minorities we performed for Turkish and Dutch Twitter users; (5) weshow that minority users cannot reach a large percentage of Turkish Twitterusers. With the last of these contributions, using theory from communicationscholars and philosophers, we show how minority access is missing from thetypical dimensions of viewpoint diversity studied by computer scientists andthe impact it has on viewpoint diversity analysis.

Does Offline Political Segregation Affect the Filter Bubble? An Empirical Analysis of Information Diversity for Dutch and Turkish Twitter Users